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What is the relationship between Guan Yu and Peking Opera?
Guan Gong's opera is also called "Red Peking Opera". At present, the types of Hongjing operas in Beijing Opera are mainly operas, which are basically the inheritance of Yuan Zaju. The more famous ones are Gu Chenghui, Single Knife Club, Huarong Road, Walking in Maicheng, Baqiao Picking a robe and so on. There are not many performances on the stage of Beijing Opera now.

Beijing Opera artists who are good at performing Guan Gong's plays include Wang Hongshou, Gao Shenglin and Li Hongchun.

Guangong Opera House

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms was adapted into a drama and put on the stage as early as the Sui Dynasty. According to Daye Notes, Du Baoxiu (604-6 18), a bachelor of Yang Di, wrote a volume of Water Decoration (kloc-0/5), which was watched by the ministers of Qujiangchi Conference, and five stories belonged to the Three Kingdoms. Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, founded the Pear Garden, and there were more plays of the Three Kingdoms story. In the Northern Song Dynasty, shadow play appeared (today it is suspected to be shadow play), that is, the image of Guan Yu appeared. Ming Dow Magazine written by Zhang Lai in the Song Dynasty (1054-114) records: "There are rich people in the capital, but few people are lonely and specialize in wealth, and a group of rogues try their best to lure them. Besides, this kid is good at making movies. Every time I get Guan Yu, I cry and beg for a break. " Tao, a writer in the Yuan Dynasty, said that there were six kinds of Three Kingdoms operas in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, including Liu Bei, Battle of Red Cliffs, Lu Bu and Xiangyang Hui, and Guan Yu was included in each drama.

In the Yuan Dynasty, zaju gradually became the mainstream in the field of literature, and the Three Kingdoms Opera was an important type of zaju. According to the ancient records such as Yuan Qu Xuan, there are about 60 kinds of zaju with the story of Three Kingdoms as the theme, and there are more than 10 kinds of zaju created by famous artists with Guan Yu as the protagonist. Here is a brief introduction:

Guan Wang went to the Single Knife Club alone, which was written by Guan Hanqing. The whole play is 30% off, with Lu Su hosting a banquet in Jingzhou and Guan Yunchang going to the meeting alone as the background. There are two existing editions: Thirty Kinds of Ancient and Modern Zaju published in Yuan Dynasty and Zaju published in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

Zhang Guan's West Shu Dream, referred to as West Shu Dream for short, was written by Guan Hanqing. The whole play is 60% off, writing that Liu Bei won Langzhou and received Guan Yu and Zhang.

Releasing the souls of two younger brothers, the plot is pure fiction. There are 30 kinds of ancient and modern zaju published in Yuan Dynasty.

Hulao Pass's Three British Wars against Lyu3 bu4, or "Three Wars against Lyu3 bu4" for short, was written by Zheng Guangzu. The plot is based on the section of "Three Wars Lyu3 bu4" on the volume of "Three Kingdoms Pinghua". The existing "Mai Wang Guan" copied the school-based version and the "Yuan and Ming Zaju" version.

Guan Yunchang's "A Thousand Miles Alone", referred to as "Riding a Thousand Miles Alone", the author is unknown. The plot is based on the two paragraphs of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Gong's robes and a thousand miles alone. Today, I am looking forward to copying the school-based and Yuan-Ming Zaju versions.

The author of Liu's Three Realms of Taoyuan is unknown. The plot is based on the section of "Taoyuan Jieyi" on the volume of "Three Kingdoms Pinghua". Today, I am looking forward to copying the school-based and Yuan-Ming Zaju versions.

Juyi, the ancient city of Guan Yunchang, is called Gu Chenghui for short. The author is unknown, and the original is lost. The present script is a new work of later generations. The plot is based on two paragraphs in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms: "Gathering Justice in the Ancient City" and "Chopping Cai Yang". There was also a play "Chop Cai Yang" in the Yuan Dynasty. In the story of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, "Chopping Cai Yang" and "Juyi Ancient City" are closely related, while "Gu Chenghui" and "Chopping Cai Yang" are two different parts of the same drama.

The author of "Guan Yunchang attacked four bandits with one knife" is unknown. The characters in the play are all from the story of the Three Kingdoms, but the plot is fabricated. "Four Kou" are the remnants of Dong Zhuo, party member, Cui Li, Guo Si, Category and Zhang Ji. After Dong Zhuo was killed, Scott ordered Wang Yun, Lu Bu, Su Li and others to write a letter. Lyu3 bu4 led troops to attack the four bandits in Xiliangfu, and Su Li, the pioneer, committed suicide after defeat. Lu Bu fought with the four bandits, suffered nosebleeds, became suspicious, and withdrew. Four soldiers surrounded Chang 'an, and Wang Yun fell into the city and died. Four kou each out of office, want to ACTS Xian Di to west cool. Uncle Dong learned that Xian Di should be sent to Luoyang first, and the sheep herder should be chased to the bank of the Yellow River. Just when Cao Cao went to Jeju to urge food, he sent Coss, Chu Xu, Cao Ba and Cao Zhang to attack Sikou. At this time, Liu Bei was still the county magistrate of Pingyuan, and Guan Yu returned to his hometown to worship his ancestors. When he returned to the plain, Lu Bing learned about it. He was very angry. He fought and killed four bandits. Dong Cheng likes Guan Yu very much. Xian Di named Liu Bei as the governor of Texas, Guan Yu as a bandit general and Zhang Fei as a general of chariots and horses. The above plots are not found in the Pinghua of the Three Kingdoms. This play is now copied from school and Yuan Zaju.

The author of "Moon Night Guan Wang Chops Shao Chan" is unknown, and the original is lost. The plot written has no historical basis, and I didn't see that The Romance of the Three Kingdoms was written by the author according to folklore.

The author of "Han Shou Hou Ting's Angry Management", referred to as "Angry Management", is unknown. The main characters in the play are all from the story of the Three Kingdoms, but their skills are unfounded in history, which may be based on the folklore story of Guan Gong's beheading. Guan Yu's birthday, Kong Ming, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, Huang Zhong and others went to Jingzhou to celebrate, and they were about to return to surprisingly, and Zhang Hu and Zhang Biao in Jiangxia made an insurrection. Kong Ming sent Hu Xiaowu, Guan Ping, Zhang Bao, Zhao Chong, Ma Zhong and Huang Yue, sons of Wu Hu, to meet him. The little five tigers won and captured two alive. On the way back to camp, Guan Ping's horse trampled the son of Wang Rong, a civilian, to death. Wang Rong went to Jingzhou to complain, but Jingzhou officials dared not accept it. Wang wants to commit suicide. Fortunately, I met Guan Yu's groom and went to the marshal's house to beat gongs and drums and plead guilty. Guan Yu wanted to put his family first, but Zhao Yun's intercession was rejected. Zhang Fei came here and wanted to kill his son with Zhao Yun and others, so that Xiaowuhu would die together. When Wang Rong saw this, he was willing to withdraw the lawsuit. Guan Yu was released by Guan Ping. Said Jiang Wei to report, give gold one hundred and twenty, from the office. This play is now copied from school and Yuan Zaju.

Arriving at the destination with a candle, written by Shang Zhongxian, the original is lost. This plot is based on folklore.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Guan Yu was promoted to rank and title, and more and more plays of Guan Yu were edited, and the titles were changed to Guan Sheng and Guan Di.

Yes During the Qianlong period (1735- 1795), Zhuang Qinwang and Zhang Dede were specially assigned to compile and sort out 239 joint plays "Spring and Autumn Annals of Zhi Ding" for the palace system, of which Guan Yu plays accounted for a large proportion. Most of the plot of this long drama comes from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and a few books such as The History of the Three Kingdoms, The Legend of Guandi and Folklore are also absorbed. Unfortunately, such a huge script is limited to court performances, so that its influence is not wide. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, a new form of drama-Peking Opera appeared. At the beginning, there were 155 Three Kingdoms plays, in which Guan Yu played the leading role, accounting for one fifth, and gradually formed a "great voice" career with Guan Yu as the main role. Wang Hongshou, a famous Peking Opera artist, created and performed a series of Guan Yu's plays, from "Cutting the Bear Tiger" before Guan Yu's death to "Cutting Yue Collection in the Snow" published 36 times after his death. Li Hongchun, a disciple of Wang Hongshou, added Go john young, taught the army to teach knives, accepted Yao Bin, defeated Qiang soldiers and taught his son to watch fish, which made Guan Yu's drama a series of 465,438+0. 1962, Li Hongchun's Collection of Guan Yu's Plays published by Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House only recorded 27 of them. That is, chop Xiong Hu, make the sword join the army, chop Hua Xiong, chop Che Zhou, tun Tushan, give a robe horse, Bai Mapo, punish Wen Chou, read the military knife, break Runa, and pick a robe at Baqiao. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Cheng Changgeng (1812-1882), the squad leader of Sanqing, one of the four major classes in Huizhou, and Lu Shengkui and others compiled and performed 36 Three Kingdoms dramas, ranging from Ma Tiaotan Xi to Taking South County.

Types and plays of Guan Gong's dramas.

Peking Opera and Puju Opera were the earliest operas that performed Guan Gong's drama. Peking Opera is the main opera in China, and it is called "National Opera". Pu Opera is a local opera in Guan Yu's hometown. According to incomplete statistics, there are still more than 30 dramas staged in Beijing Opera and Pu Opera, which has created a large number of famous performers. Cheng Changgeng, an old-timer in Beijing Opera, was called "Fire Official" by the audience and was full of praise for him. After his appearance, he was crowned as a hero with bright syllables, such as Guan Yu's reincarnation. "Mi's performance of Guan Yu is also excellent. The audience saw his performance as if it truly showed the feelings of emperors and saints. It was once awe-inspiring and lingering. Li Hongchun and Wang Jinlu, contemporary masters of Peking Opera, have made unique contributions to the shaping of Guan Gong's image. Dong, a famous actor of Pu Opera, absorbed the artistic essence of the opera in Beijing Opera, and made bold reforms in costumes, makeup, props and factional performances, which was refreshing. His plays, such as Going through the Five Customs, Gu Chenghui, Seven Armies Underwater and Taking Changsha, are all famous. In addition to Peking Opera and Pu Opera, there are also local operas popular in Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi and Hunan. Their representative plays include Taoyuan Jieyi and Sichuan Opera, which are popular in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou. Their representative plays include Walking on the Moon to Kill the Bear, Gathering the Ancient City on the Tushan, Catching the Pound with Water and so on. Anhui opera is popular in Anhui, Jiangsu and other places; Henan opera popular in Henan and neighboring provinces; Cantonese opera popular in Guangdong and parts of Guangxi; Popular in xiang opera and Hunan; Yunnan opera popular in Yunnan, Guizhou and parts of Sichuan; Guangxi opera popular in Guangxi and parts of Hunan; Kunqu opera popular in Suzhou, Jiangsu; Huai Opera is popular in northern Jiangsu, Shanghai and parts of Anhui. Hebei Bangzi is popular in Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing and parts of Northeast China. Shaanxi opera, popular in Shaanxi and some northwestern provinces; Yiyang Opera popular in Jiangxi and Qingyang Opera popular in some parts of Anhui. In particular, The Flooded Seven Armies starring Hou Shaokui of Beijing Kunqu Opera Theatre has become a recognized masterpiece at home and abroad in recent years. It is no exaggeration to say that Guan Gong's operas are performed and sung everywhere, both north and south, inside and outside the Great Wall. This is also the best example of Guan Gong's influence in China.

There are also many folk art programs that rap Guan Gong, such as Jingyun Drum, Henan Wushu Pendant, storytelling and so on. Liu Baoquan, the "king of drums" who was popular in Beijing and Tianjin in the 1920s and 1930s, sang only 30 songs of Jingyun drums in his life, among which "Fighting Changsha" (also known as Huang Guan's sword-shooting and helmet-shooting) and "Huarong Road" are well-known and have been sung ever since. Yuan Kuocheng's critical book Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the story of Guan Yu, has a long history. The famous comic actor Hou's Guan Gong vs is deeply loved by the audience.

Guan Gong's Artistic Image on Stage

The stage art of traditional Chinese opera is a comprehensive art with a wide range of contents and national characteristics. Because Guan Gong's drama is "a detached school in drama, which is absolutely different from other dramas", its stage art has all the characteristics of the major categories of drama stage art-and its uniqueness. Opera actors are generally divided into five major businesses: life, Dan, purity, ending and ugliness. Life is divided into old pedants, young pedants, martial arts pedants, bearded pedants, old martial arts pedants and red pedants. Hong Sheng is a unique business to play Guan Yu. Mi was the most famous Hong Sheng who played Guan Yu in the early Peking Opera, and Wang Hongshou (a stage name) in the south of the Yangtze River was the best actor before and after the Revolution of 1911. Facebook is a unique technique in China's traditional drama, and red is usually used to represent loyalty and courage. Guan Gong is an upright man, famous for his loyalty and courage. Of course, his face is red, which has become a stereotype at least in the Yuan Dynasty. But Guan Gong's red face is developing and changing. During the reign of Xianfeng and Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, the famous Peking Opera actress played Guan Gong's four wins, but she drank a big bowl of wine before coming to power, and her face soon turned red, which was a kind of "drunk" red. Inspired by this, it will be changed to "emphasizing jujube face, phoenix eye, lying silkworm eyebrow, researching ink and ink, fine painting, opening up beauty, and being unparalleled for a while". In the early years of Guangxu, Wang Hongshou turned Guan Gong's face into a big red. The "five locks" are dedicated to the role of Guan Gong. Five locks are two locks in the ear, two locks in the mouth, and the next lock. This is called "Guan Gong's lock". Guan Gong's special helmet is green, decorated with yellow velvet balls, with a back pocket (cloak), white ribbons and yellow silk spikes on two earlobes, and wearing a green python. Guan Gong's personal props on the stage of traditional Chinese opera are the dragon crescent moon blade and the red whip. Dragon crescent moon blade is the feature of Guan Gong. In addition to the general basic procedures in traditional operas, there are many special and extremely strict requirements for the performance of Guan Gong's operas. China modern opera critic Zhou commented on Wang Hongshou's "Walking through Maicheng", saying: Actors must be familiar with the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which can be divided into two categories: spirit and art. The so-called spiritual person always has a respectful heart, sweeps away the dirty state (no matter who worships it, it is hard to compare it with others, and the group calls it a saint without a name), recognizes the people in the play, forgets himself, tries to figure it out devoutly, and seeks its gods and its ancient society. The policy is correct, but continue to learn art, in order to see, the first thing is to dress up for valor. It is required to look good, especially the face. Guan Gong's image, an extraordinary image, is very distinctive in eyes, eyebrows and color (mixed with real cinnabar and real oil), which can be understood but difficult to describe. The second is the seriousness of the work. Good demand, especially in the calm action. Guan Gong's martial arts are different from those of ordinary people. Confucianism is as heavy as Mount Tai, with both wisdom and courage, and its strength is unpredictable. Pushing too hard will be rude; Hands and feet are unable to approach failure. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to make a horse with a knife, and this is diligent and tireless before it can be purified.

Guan Gong's image on the stage should be both brave and dignified. Debut is an important means to shape Guan Gong's external image. The mental outlook and external image of the characters are displayed prominently through their appearance. According to the introduction of the old artist who plays Guan Gong, Guan Gong has as many as 48 unique appearances in traditional Chinese opera, which are refined from different statues of Guan Di and 24 couplets created by Guan Gong. In addition, in singing, working, dressing and so on. All kinds of dramas have a lot of artistic accumulation and experience in playing Guan Gong's famous actress.