The temperature of interstellar dust can be as low as -260℃ in cold space.

-250℃ cryogenic rocket engine

The Indian Space Research Organization has successfully tested a cryogenic rocket engine with a fuel temperature of -250℃. Driven by it, the maximum speed of the ramjet turbine of the engine reaches 40,000 revolutions per minute, which indicates that the level of Indian space research has crossed an important milestone.

-Pluto is at 240℃

Looking at the sun from Pluto, the sun is just a luminous point. It gets only one tenth as much light and heat as the earth does from the sun. Therefore, Pluto is a very cold and dark world. The highest temperature is -2 10℃ and the lowest temperature is -240℃. Neptune can reach -240℃ except Pluto.

Scientists obtained the low temperature of -240℃ in the laboratory for the first time in 1898. At this time, hydrogen becomes liquid hydrogen.

Magnetism of nonmetals at -230℃

Non-metallic materials can also show magnetism at low temperature, and this kind of magnet is suitable for manufacturing new computer storage equipment and insulation equipment. But this material will lose its magnetism when the temperature exceeds a certain limit. At present, the highest critical temperature of nonmetallic magnets is around -230℃, which can only be raised to -208℃ even if high pressure is applied.

-Uranus is at 220℃

Uranus Day is about 17 hours 14 minutes. Because of its fast rotation speed, it shows obvious stripes in the east-west direction like Jupiter. Being far away from the sun, the upper temperature of Uranus atmospheric cloud is about -220℃, and its surface is light blue.

-210℃ whale oil dust tray

Cetacea τ is the closest sun-like star to the earth except the sun. It is only about 12 light years away from the sun, with a brightness of about 3.5, which can be seen by the naked eye. There is a disk of dust and comets around. The diameter of this dust disk is slightly larger than the solar system, and the temperature is only about -2 10℃, which may be caused by the collision between asteroids and comets.

Titan at -200℃

So far, we haven't found any signs of extraterrestrial life. But Titan, which Cassini is exploring, may be a laboratory for the origin of life.

Because the surface temperature is -200℃, Titan is not a place where life can be produced, but its dense atmosphere contains a lot of hydrocarbons. They can produce chemical reactions through the ultraviolet rays of the sun. Photochemical reactions can produce organic molecules, and these carbon-based compounds are the first step to produce life. But Titan is too cold to move on. It's like a deep frozen earth. After 5 billion years, it will get the heat needed to produce life, because then the sun will expand into a glowing red giant. Only at that time, because the sun has entered the twilight of life, life may not be produced yet.

Many strange phenomena appear at the low temperature of-190℃

The low-temperature world is like a magician, and all kinds of substances change wonderfully. Air will turn into a light blue liquid at-190℃. If you put an egg in it, it will produce light blue fluorescence, and it will bounce like a ball when it falls to the ground. Bright flowers, when put in, will become as shiny as glass, which will jingle when tapped, but will break when tapped. When a goldfish is taken out of the fish tank and inverted in the liquid, it will become hard and crystal clear, like a "handicraft" made of crystal glass, and then it will be put back into the water of the fish tank. Strangely, goldfish will come back to life.

-180℃ "dream fiber"-kaiyingla fiber

The performance of Kevlar fiber is superior to steel and alloy, and it is called "dream fiber". The strength of this kind of liquid crystal fiber is 5 times that of steel, 10 times that of aluminum and 3 times that of glass fiber, and it can be used continuously at about-180℃. Mainly used as structural materials for airplanes, radial tires, hulls, sports equipment, protective clothing and cables. For example, the 767 passenger plane of Boeing Aircraft Company of the United States uses 3 tons of composite materials of Keyingla fiber and graphite fiber, which reduces the weight of the fuselage by 1 ton, saving 30% fuel consumption compared with Boeing 727 aircraft.

Low temperature limit of life survival at-170℃

At this temperature, the simplest microorganisms can survive. Observation shows that Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus pyogenes can survive at-170℃.

-160℃ mercury column

Mercury, the closest planet to the sun, is the closest planet with an average distance of 57.9 million kilometers. Its surface temperature difference is the largest, because there is no atmospheric regulation, the highest temperature on the sunny side can reach 430℃, but the night temperature on the back sunny side can drop by-160℃, and the temperature difference between day and night is nearly 600℃. This is a world between fire and ice. The temperature changes so much that there can be no life on mercury.

-Jupiter is at 150℃

Jupiter is the fifth planet in the solar system. Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. It can accommodate 1 0,300 earths, with low density and only 3 1.7 times the weight of the earth. Jupiter is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter is far away from the sun, and the surface temperature reaches-150℃. Jupiter radiates more than twice as much heat as it receives from the sun.

-140℃ liquid nitrogen low temperature processing rubber products.

Rubber products are hard to degrade, and it is difficult to crush them into fine rubber powder with wide applications. At present, the method of industrial production of fine rubber powder from waste tires in the world mainly adopts liquid nitrogen low-temperature freezing method, that is, the rubber is frozen into vitrified state at the temperature of-130℃ to-140℃, and then crushed, so that excellent fine rubber powder can be easily obtained.

-130℃ Earth's lowest temperature

The lowest temperature on earth appears at Wen Sheng Peak, the highest peak in Antarctica, where the annual average temperature is-129℃ and the summer average temperature is-1 17.7℃. The average summer temperature of Mount Qomolangma, the first peak on the earth, is also -45℃, which is obvious in the cold of Antarctic.

-120℃ Venus minimum temperature

Venus has the largest temperature difference between day and night, and the daytime temperature can reach 480℃. The lowest temperature at night can reach-120℃, so the temperature difference between day and night can reach about 600 degrees.

-110℃ alcohol thermometer

The red liquid in the thermometer is alcohol, which will condense at-1 17℃. Therefore, in the Antarctic with the lowest temperature on the earth, alcohol thermometers can also be used. Of course, when the temperature is lower than-1 17℃, the alcohol thermometer is useless.

-100℃ coldest compressor

A foreign computer player used more than 4 compressors and made a compressor system that can cool down to-100℃ to cool down the CPU processor!

-90℃ is the lowest temperature on the earth.

In the Antarctic inland, people measured a low temperature of -88.3℃.

-SARS virus at 80℃ is not afraid of low temperature.

A remarkable feature of SARS virus is that it is not afraid of heat or cold. Even at -80℃, it can survive for at least 4 days, even as much as 2 1 day, while the survival time of SARS virus at 56℃ is less than 90 minutes.

-70℃ Arctic minimum temperature

The annual average temperature in the Arctic is between-15℃ and -20℃, which is 25℃ higher than that in the Antarctic. In winter (65438+1October), the polar night period is 180 days, and the lowest temperature is -70℃. Low temperature can prevent some diseases. Eskimos living in the Arctic mainly eat seal meat and seal oil, while locals seldom suffer from heart disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and arthritis.

The temperature of Mars is 60 degrees below zero.

On Mars, far away from the earth, the average temperature is MINUS 60 degrees Celsius.

-50℃ is the coldest temperature in China.

In China, there are few records of areas below -50℃. -50. 1℃ was observed on June 1922+ 10/6 in Yidu River, Daxinganling, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, which was the lowest temperature recorded before the founding of New China.

After the founding of New China, a meteorological station in northern Xinjiang broke the record with a low temperature of -50.7℃ for the first time on 19601October 20th, and then set a new national record at -5 1.5℃ on 65438+2654381October 20th. The northernmost meteorological station in China, Mohe Meteorological Station in Heilongjiang Province, measured -50.9℃ on the morning of1February 27, 968, and1February 27, 969, Mohe finally gave birth to the extreme minimum temperature record in the existing meteorological data of China: -52.3℃.

The flower that is least afraid of cold in the world is Saussurea involucrata, which is produced in China. Even at -50℃, flowers are in full bloom.

-40℃ is the coldest day in China.

As we all know, Mohe is the northernmost place in China. The coldest day in Mohe since meteorological records were recorded in China is1960 65438+10.21,and the average daily temperature is -43.8℃.

-30℃ fragrant peony flower

Peony is native to China. It likes warm, cool and dry, and avoids hot and low humidity environment. Cold-resistant, can withstand the low temperature of MINUS 30 degrees Celsius.

In a valley in Mentougou, Beijing, the lowest temperature in severe winter can reach -30℃, and the places where there is water on the mountain have basically formed thick ice, but there are spring water that has never been frozen for a thousand years, and lush aquatic plants grow in the water all the year round, so it is called "Millennium Frozen Water" by the locals.

-20℃ low temperature fuel cell stack

Honda recently announced that it has successfully developed a fuel cell stack that can be started at a low temperature of -20℃, with a greatly reduced volume and higher power. After the car equipped with this battery pack was approved by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan, the road driving test has begun.

-10℃ People can live and live.

-10℃ has become a common temperature in winter in high latitudes of the earth. Although you will feel bitter cold, people can live normally at this temperature.

The freezing point of water at 0℃

70% of the earth's surface is covered with water, which is about 654.38+0.4 billion cubic meters, of which 96.5% is seawater and the rest is fresh water, but more than half is ice. So the earth is a water planet, and it is such a planet that can breed life, so "water" is the source of life. With life, there will be vitality and the world will be more exciting.

Since water can be turned into ice, water can also be turned into gas and spread in the air. When water freezes at 0℃, it loses its fluidity and is no longer a liquid. So 0℃ is called "the freezing point of water".

10℃ is a cool and pleasant equatorial city.

In Quito, the capital of Ecuador in South America, the equatorial line runs right through the city. Many people think that the city crossing the equator must be very hot. But this is not the case. Regardless of spring, summer, autumn and winter, the average monthly temperature in a year is around 10℃, and the average annual temperature difference is only 4℃. This is a cool and pleasant equatorial city with four seasons like spring.

This is because it is located on the plateau at an altitude of 2800 meters. We know that sunlight is a short-wave radiation. When it passes through the atmosphere, only a small part is directly absorbed by the atmosphere, and most of it shines on the earth's surface, warming the earth's surface. Therefore, the closer to the ground, the higher the temperature rises because of the more heat absorbed. On the contrary, the higher the altitude, the less heat absorbed and the lower the temperature. So in the plateau, the climate is always cooler.

Growth temperature of Agaricus bisporus mycelium at 20℃

Agaricus bisporus mycelium can grow at 5℃ ~ 33℃, the optimum growth temperature is 20℃ ~ 25℃, the optimum growth temperature is 22℃ ~ 24℃, and the high temperature lethal temperature is 34℃ ~ 35℃.

30℃ I am a mosquito!

Mosquitoes' favorite temperature is about 30℃, which is unbearable. When the climate gets cold in autumn and the temperature drops below 10℃, they will stop breeding, hibernate without food, and come out after waking up the next spring.

The temperature limit of human body is 40℃

People belong to warm-blooded animals, generally speaking, it will not exceed the range of 35℃ ~ 42℃. At 465 and 438+0℃, the liver, kidney and brain of human organs will be dysfunctional, and the high fever of 42℃ for several days is enough to kill adults.

Birds and mammals also belong to warm-blooded animals. Generally speaking, birds have higher body temperature, ranging from 37℃ to 44.6℃, while mammals have lower body temperature, generally ranging from 25℃ to 37℃. But generally speaking, it is around 40℃, which is not much different from human body temperature. This is because they all live on the same planet and are in roughly the same environment as us.

In addition, after long-term research and observation and comparison by scientists, it is considered that the ideal temperature in life should be: room temperature should be kept at 20℃ ~ 25℃; When wearing clothes to maintain the best comfort, the average skin temperature is 33℃; The temperature of meals is 46℃ ~ 58℃; The temperature when drinking water is 44℃ ~ 59℃; The temperature of making tea is 70℃ ~ 80℃; The temperature of bath water is 34℃ ~ 39℃; The temperature of foot washing water is 50℃ ~ 60℃; The temperature of cold water bath is19℃ ~ 21℃;

Desert temperature of 50℃ ~ 60℃

Due to the lack of clouds, strong sunshine, less vegetation coverage and low air humidity in desert areas, the temperature rises extremely rapidly during the day, most of the time above 30℃, and at the hottest time at noon, the temperature can rise above 50℃. It is recorded that the temperature in North Africa is as high as 58℃.

But the desert is cooler at night, because there is no cloud all night, and the ground radiation is strong and the heat dissipation is fast. The lowest temperature at night is usually between 7℃ and 12℃, and there are also days when thin frost appears.

Taste perception at 70℃

Studies by physiologists and psychologists show that the various tastes people get when eating food are essentially the result of the synergistic effect of taste and smell.

Some hot drinks, such as coffee, are delicious only at 70℃, while hot milk and hot dishes are best at around 70℃. Some fried foods, such as fried shrimp, should be kept at about 70℃. Although it still tastes a little hot, it tastes the most beautiful at this time.

Microorganisms in 80℃ Hot Springs

Many microorganisms generally rely on photosynthesis to survive, and these microorganisms that rely on photosynthesis can generally survive below 72℃. However, in 1967, Dr. Brock of Indiana University found that a layer of microbial cells was attached to the glass slide he put in an 80℃ spring water called "Mushroom Pond". This is the first time that organisms living above 72℃ have been found. This thermophilic microorganism belongs to bacteria, and Dr. Brock named it "aquatic thermophilic bacterium Yellowstone".

Microbes in 90℃ submarine crater

1979, scientists visited a submarine crater deep in the Pacific Ocean, where the temperature is kept at 90℃ all the year round, which is also a place where sunlight can't reach. But scientists are surprised to find that there is life everywhere-many caterpillars, shrimps, crabs and other creatures. Microorganisms that have never seen sunlight are at the bottom of the food chain. Many caterpillars have no mouths, stomachs or other digestive organs. After the chemicals in the surrounding water seep into the body, the bacteria turn them into food that many caterpillars can use.

Boiling point of water at 100℃

We know the freezing point of water above, so the boiling point of water is 100℃. At one atmospheric pressure, when our water boils, its temperature is 100℃, which can only be kept at 100℃. However, people cook eggs on Mount Everest at an altitude of more than 8,000 meters, and the highest boiling water is only 80℃. Because the air pressure is low at an altitude of more than 8,000 meters, the boiling point of water is only reduced.

The temperature of hot pot soup can be as high as 120℃, which is the most likely to burn oral mucosa. Therefore, after eating hot pot, people often have oral ulcers and even swollen teeth. Hot pot should pay more attention to seafood.

200℃ underground thermal rock power generation

The experiment of magma power generation began in Britain in 1987. In a hot rock area with the highest temperature in Britain, hot rocks at a depth of 6000 meters can heat water to 200℃, and then convert the heat energy of water at 200℃ into electric energy.

Metamorphic rocks at 300℃

Due to the influence of crustal activity or magmatic activity, the rocks in the crust are affected by the high temperature, high pressure and chemical action of magma, which changes the mineral composition, structure and structure of the original rock, thus forming a new kind of rock called metamorphic rock, which is called metamorphism. The temperature and pressure required for this metamorphic process are 300℃ and 100 MPa, respectively.

Sludge treatment in 400℃ city

In cities, where there are factories, there is more sludge, and some rivers have also deposited a lot of sludge after being polluted. In order to solve this pollution problem, scientists found that sludge contains combustible substances through research. For this purpose, Canada has specially set up an experimental plant to carry out research work on converting sludge into new fuels. They first remove most of the water and useless sediments from the sludge by mechanical means, then dry the sludge, and then put the dried sludge into a distiller at 450℃ to distill it under the condition of isolating oxygen, which can produce combustible substances.

500℃ concentrating solar cooker

This kind of solar cooker uses parabolic reflector to concentrate light to obtain higher temperature, and its diameter is generally 1-2 meters. Due to the concentrated energy and high thermal efficiency, the high temperature of 500℃ can be obtained. This kind of concentrated solar cooker is used for cooking, cooking, cooking feed and boiling water in some families in rural areas of China.

600℃ high efficiency fuel cell

The joint research team of Japan Industrial Technology Research Institute and Nagoya University has developed a solid electrolyte fuel cell, which works at 600 degrees Celsius and generates an average power of 0.8 W/cm2, which is more than 1 times higher than the existing similar batteries.

The temperature of cigarette butts and mosquito-repellent incense is 700℃

Although the surface temperature of cigarette butts is only 250℃ ~ 300℃, the center temperature of cigarette butts is generally around 700℃ ~ 800℃, and the burning temperature of mosquito-repellent incense also reaches 700℃.

800℃ volcanic lava

When a volcano erupts, it always spews a lot of red lava. When it is just sprayed out, it is generally liquid, and the temperature is generally around 800℃- 1200℃. Volcanic lava constantly radiates heat to the atmosphere and the surface during its flow, producing a lot of smoke. Therefore, when lava cools, it solidifies from the outside to the inside.

The ore melts at 900℃

Ore is a lighter and more active metallic substance, which cannot be reduced by carbon at feasible high temperature because their atoms are more closely combined in the ore. These metals are usually obtained by electrolysis, or by the reaction of their compounds with more active metals, such as lead oxide and lead oxide dissolved in a mixture of crystal stone (double oxide of aluminum and sodium) and calcium fluoride, which are electrolyzed at 950℃.

Diamond formation at 1000℃

As the saying goes, "diamonds are a lady's best companion". Interestingly, diamonds are only pure carbon, and carbon is the fourth most common chemical element in the universe after hydrogen, helium and oxygen. Therefore, the rarity of diamond is not due to its chemical composition, but to the method and place of its formation. Diamonds on the earth are believed to be 100 to 300 kilometers deep; The temperature is close to 1000℃, which was brought to the ground by volcanic eruption. In terms of chemical composition alone, diamonds and graphite used to make pencil lead are actually close relatives. If you put diamonds in a high-temperature furnace; Then it will eventually become ordinary graphite.

Corundum at 2000℃ (2000℃)

1924, Luff, Germany molded pure alumina powder and sintered it in a high temperature furnace around 2000℃ to obtain the world's first pure alumina product, but it was not officially named by Siemens until 1993. China people take it as white as jade, which is extremely hard, so it is translated as "corundum".

3000℃ (3000℃) glassy carbon

Glassy carbon is a kind of carbon similar to glass, which has the dual properties of glass and carbon materials. If the working temperature of this substance can reach 3000℃ in vacuum or non-oxidizing atmosphere, it has good thermal shock resistance and can be used as crucible for melting high-purity substances, induction heating plate of semiconductor epitaxial furnace, etc. , and is widely used in science.

Sunspots at 4000℃ (4000℃)

Everyone knows sunspots. When there are many sunspots, there will be magnetic storms, which will bring a lot of inconvenience to people's work. For example, the sailboat got lost and the communication signal could not be connected. Then the sunspot is actually not black, and its central temperature is above 4000℃. The brightness can still be compared with the light when half the moon is up and down. It's just darkness against the bright ball of light.