In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court attached great importance to the collection, publication and printing of books. Editorial department, secretarial office and classic room are mainly engaged in the publishing, printing and collection of books. Xingwen Department, Arts and Culture Bureau, Guangcheng Bureau and imperial academy are also engaged in the publishing and printing of books. The imperial court also set up a special almanac editing institution, which published three kinds of almanac: printed almanac, mini almanac and Hui Hui almanac every year, with a print run of over 3 million copies.
The printing industry in Beijing, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, was also very prosperous. At that time, most of the books printed were operas, plays, poems and so on.
At first, the binding forms of books published by Yuan Dadu, the capital of Yuan Dynasty, were mainly butterfly clothes and classics, and butterfly clothes were mostly used in general books, such as classics and historical books compiled by the court. Folding clothes is mostly used in Buddhist scriptures. In terms of fonts, Zhao Meng's regular script is used, and more simplified characters are used in folk writing.
The butterfly book in Yuan Dynasty appeared in the form of book binding with large format and small core, which was rare in the previous generation. For example, in the book Meng Qian Bi Tan, which was engraved during the reign of Yuan Dade, there was a big gap on the four sides of the layout. Put a piece of white paper between two blank faces and stick it on two white faces, which overcomes the shortcoming that a blank page needs to be turned when reading ordinary butterfly clothes. The cover is lined with fabric on hard paper. This binding method was rare in ancient times.
Since the mid-Yuan Dynasty, Bao Beizhuang has been widely used in books. Baobeizhuang has many advantages over butterflies. First, it is easy to read. Second, books are more durable. Baobeizhuang in Yuan Dynasty is an important stage of book binding, which is closer to today's book binding.
The characteristic of color afterloading is a folding method of reverse butterfly loading. The printed page is folded forward, so that the folding edge where the version center is located faces left and outward, and the text faces people. The remaining pages on the left and right sides of the page are folded forward, so they are aligned to the right to integrate the spine. Arrange the folded dozens of pages in order, then stamp them with the left-facing hem as the standard and press them firmly. Then make a hole in the remaining picture on the right and flatten it with paper. Cut off the remaining edge on the right side, then use a whole piece of hard and thick paper to contrast the thickness of the spine and the double label as the cover, stick it on the spine with paste, and wrap all the backs. Cut off the feet of the monkey head and the left side of the lid. A book covering Beizhuang is bound into a book. This kind of binding is called "northern binding" because it mainly covers the back of the book.
What Bao Beizhuang saw when turning pages was literal, and he could read continuously, which enhanced the functionality of reading.
In order to prevent the back of the book from sticking unsteadily, the paper twist binding technology is adopted, that is, the long and tough paper is twisted into a paper twist, and holes are punched in the back of the book near the spine. By twisting the binding, the trouble of sticking page by page is saved. Finally, stick a whole piece of paper around the back of the book as the front cover and back cover of the book.
In the book "Si Ji" printed by most people in the Yuan Dynasty, the watchmaker Jiao Qing 'an recorded the recipe of making batter: yellow wax, gelatin, alum, bletilla striata, quinoa basket, Gleditsia sinensis, Maoxiang, Pogostemon, white flour, hardwood and charcoal.
Jiao Qing 'an's formula includes three parts: adhesive, preservative and essence. It can be seen that the materials used in book binding at that time were very scientific and could keep books for a long time.
Bao Bei Zhuang appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty, prevailed in the Yuan Dynasty, and remained popular for hundreds of years until the late Qing Dynasty. Baobeizhuang solved the disadvantages of butterfly unpacking, that is, there was no negative character and the binding was not firm. However, because this kind of binding is still bound with paper twist and wrapped in the back of the book, it is only for the convenience of collection and cannot stand repeated reading. If you watch it often, it is still easy to break up. In order to solve this problem, a new binding method gradually appeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and gradually became popular, that is, thread binding. The illustrations of books in the Yuan Dynasty are also beautiful. Painting in Yuan Dynasty was very developed, especially literati painting, and illustration was also developed on the basis of Song and Jin Dynasties.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the southern book engraving industry developed in Hangzhou, Zhejiang and Jianning, Fujian. At that time, as textual research, three historical books of Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties and Xixia Tibetan Scriptures were all engraved in Hangzhou. During this period, there also appeared block-printed books overprinted by Zhu Mo.
Confucian classics and sub-books in Yuan Dynasty, such as Zhou Li, Reading Notes, Le Shu, The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety, Xunzi, The Classic of Tao Te Ching, Nanshu, etc., were quite impressive in Song Dynasty or reprinted at that time. There is a book "The Newly Published Interpretation of Filial Piety Scriptures", which is the diagram above and below.
Some versions of "The New Edition of Quan Xiang Zhai Xiao Jing Zhi Jie" have been circulated in Japan. At the end of the article, there is an inscription entitled "When General Xuanwu was looking forward to the dream of spring, the northern courtyard of Shihaiya, a great scholar in Wan Hu Prefecture, made a self-narrative", which is very important. First, it shows that the book was published in the first year of Dada, namely1308; The second is to explain that the owner of the engraving is Guan Yunshi, a Uighur; The third is that the book was published in Huguang Yongzhou.
The new issue of A Direct Interpretation of the Classic of Filial Piety in Quanxiangzhai has 18 chapters, 15 pages and 15 illustrations, all of which are about filial piety, saying that mortals should have filial piety and emperors should have filial piety. The painting is exquisite, but the lines are clumsy, and the meaning is consistent with the text. Although it was Yuan Dynasty, all the paintings were Han costumes.
"The Tale of the Stone Forest" was published in 1340, with a total of * * 10 episodes, written by Chen. This is an engraving of Zheng's Integration Hall in Jianyang, Fujian Province, formerly known as Collection, which is an important map compilation and a new supplementary book. Peking University Library has books. The "Stone Forest" is rich in content, including the "Ploughing Map" in which farmers cultivate and women bring their children to deliver tea. Another example is "Wulin Map", which depicts the wonderful performances of artists. There is also a picture of Tales of Two Places. Two officials are holding a scene of two places with two waiters beside them. After painting nave, a black dog cocked its tail, adding an active atmosphere to the picture.
During the period of Yuan Yingzong, Yu Jian 'an published Five Kinds of All-phase Pinghua. It is the earliest story-telling book that can be seen now. These five kinds of Pinghua are: New Quanxiang Pinghua in Three Kingdoms, Quanxiang Pinghua in Wuwang, Qiguoping Pinghua in Spring and Autumn Period of Le Yi, Quanxiang Pinghua in Six Kingdoms of Qin, and Pinghua in Han Dynasty before Quanxiang continued. Wu Junfu, Huang Shuan and so on.
This set of Pinghua is the picture above and the picture below. On the one hand, nearly two-thirds of the text and a little more than one-third of the pictures. There are subtitles in the picture, and there are many names in the picture. This is a popular book, and this is how China's later "picture book" originated.
This set of Pinghua can be described as a collection of illustrations because there are many illustrations. There are 228 pieces of Five Pinghua, which draw larger scenes and highlight the main characters. The plot is generally clear, focusing on "explanatory".
For example, the illustration of "Battle of Red Cliffs" in Panorama of New Three Kingdoms Pinghua is displayed on the opposite page, divided into three sections. Zhuge Liang in front borrows the east wind and holds the sword. In order to explain the wind, not only the clothes of the characters are floating, but also the two big trees and leaves are whistling to the west; In the middle, Huang Gai led the troops to fire on the ship. The wind is strong and the fire is fierce, blowing to the west; The last paragraph is a painting by Cao Cao, who ran away because he couldn't bear to be burned. The three main characters in the three paragraphs, namely, Kong Ming, Huang Gai and Cao Cao, are all clearly indicated.
Another example is "The Spring and Autumn Period and the Seven Kingdoms Le Yi Tuqi". Sun Tzu said that Le Yi and two people were talking, and their expressions were clear at a glance. This kind of schema and text are unified, matched, neat and clear, which has a great influence on later prints and illustrations. Some people call it "the originator of China's ancient historical novels".
Buddhism still prevailed in the Yuan Dynasty. At that time, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism coexisted and they also believed in Christianity. During this period, the engraving of the Tibetan scriptures in Puning, Hangzhou, the collected works in Hexi and the confessions of Liang Huangbao were all quite neat, while the Annotation to the Unknown Monk of the Diamond Sutra by 1340 was overprinted by Zhu Mo. No matter from the requirements of block printing technology or illustration, they are very meaningful.
The second element is a must! How to draw the eyes of Japanese illustrators? Teach you how to draw the transparency of your eyes. How to draw Japanese illustrations? How to draw beautiful characters' eyes? How to draw the eyes of anime characters? Is it difficult to learn to draw? How can I learn to draw well? Presumably, these are questions that beginners often think about, but they just don't know how to learn how to draw well and then draw what they want to draw.
So today, I collected some tutorials on how to draw eyes online, which are necessary for the second element! How to draw the eyes of Japanese illustrators? Teach you to draw the transparency of your eyes. The tutorial is very simple. Let's look at the beep:
This is the way to draw transparent eyes.
Draw shadows with a pencil tool. Draw it in a light color first. Then add some dark to light colors.
get through
will
Color overlap
About 3 steps
, can produce depth in the eyes.
Create a new layer and fill in the dark layer above and the light layer at the bottom. If you create a new layer
Draw a crease and cut off the outline of the pupil with a color close to white, and the depth will become clear.
Next, draw the shadow of the eyelid.
Place a dark shadow on the upper pupil and a light yellow on the lower pupil to blur it. Light yellow is close to skin color, and the color of eyes is blue, so I choose it as the contrast color.
Set the layer composition mode to add color (glow) and surround the pupil with light blue.
punch-drunk
The closed exterior made it.
Become a three-dimensional space
. The composite mode can be a screen or a superposition, because its purpose is to let light enter the eyes.
Wrap the pupil with a splash pattern brush. If the superposition mode is used as the synthesis mode of the layer depicting blood spatter, the spherical transparency of the pupil will increase.
Then draw the shadow of the eyes with a soft watercolor pen. Multiply by the composition mode, select the effect from the filter, and then select the watercolor border. Watercolor border is a drawing function. When drawing with a watercolor pen, the edges will be drawn. To make it more transparent, please paint the upper part of your eyes light blue.
Cut the line drawing layer for color tracking.
By dyeing your hair, line drawing will become familiar.
Watercolor borders can be used not only in CLIPSTUDIOPAINT and IllustStudio, but also with painting tool SAI. You may not have a chance to use it, but you can turn on the artistic effect at the top of the Layers panel, and then use the artistic effect menu to set the watercolor border.
finally
, adjust the tone curve and color balance.
To complete the operation.
Tone curve can adjust brightness and tone, and color balance can enhance blue tone. Finally, pay attention to the sphere and draw it so that the highlight extends to the center.
Let me briefly explain the tone curve and color balance that appear in finishing.
Tone curve is one of the image correction functions.
So you can easily * * * with.
rectification
Brightness, hue, contrast and other tools.
Color balance is a kind of
Allows you to adjust the hue.
about
tool
. When you are not satisfied with the tone, you can use color balance to change the tone.
The above is a tutorial shared by everyone from the Internet, mainly to teach you how to draw people's eyes. The tutorial is very simple. I believe this tutorial will be helpful to everyone. Come and watch the beep ~
Future development trend of packaging design 1. Use handwritten fonts.
Many powerful packaging designers in packaging design companies are willing to design packaging by hand, in order to get an unpredictable "beauty of defects"-fluid defects. For example, irregular lines, natural textures and so on. This design can make the product present a humanistic emotional color, and it can also be completely different from the seemingly perfect but very blunt fonts in the past, thus bringing freshness to consumers.
2. Illustrate it
Behind the packaging design of each product, a touching story can actually be written, which can really touch the hearts of consumers. The packaging design has incorporated narrative illustrations into it. In fact, there is a touching story behind every packaging design, which can touch our hearts most. Packaging design has begun to incorporate narrative illustrations. Illustration has become a key "weapon" for packaging designers. Exquisite illustrations can bring consumers into a touching story, thus increasing their goodwill towards the product and establishing a more special connection with the product.
Step 3 make the product appear
Traditional packaging usually hides the product packaging, although some packaging designs will have skylight design, but this will appear stiff price comparison, which is for display. Nowadays, packaging designers will try not to use this method, but to interact through touch. For example, they can imitate the logo shape of the brand, or form a recognizable appearance, and display the product in a more flexible way, so that consumers can not only know what the product looks like very clearly, but also have a desire to buy.
4. Retro packaging
Retro packaging design is to adopt new technologies and materials, so as to achieve a timeless feeling, thus triggering consumers' memories of the old times and satisfying their psychology of recalling the past. A key point of retro packaging design is to find a balance point. Retro is not simply piling up old elements, but regenerating them through clever methods.